Theraphy Cardiovascular

How to Prevent a Heart Disease Ischemic Heart

2009-01-15T08:21:00.000-08:00

Ischemic heart disease is a disease characterized by reduced blood supply
to the heart.As you well know the cause of most heart diseases is hardening of the arteries or blocked arteries. Complete occlusion of the blood vessel leads to a heart attack (myocardial infarction) which involves the death of the tissue of heart's muscle(ischemic necrosis). Most of the heart attacks are immediately fatal,unless the patients arrive at the hospital in time,in which case their chances of survival are higher. Statistics show that injections of magnesium sulfate within the first three hours of the attack has proven very efficient increasing survival by over 20%. The main objective of the medical treatment of heart attack survivors is the prevention of a second attack. The following things are recommended after a heart attack:

â†’Possible angioplasty or cardiac surgery.

â†’Possibly the regular administration of anti-coagulants to prevent further blood clot complications.

â†’Possibly the administration of drugs like digoxin, verapamil and amidarone to reduce heart arrhythmias although they many also induce arrhythmias.

â†’A daily intake of aspirin.

â†’Lifestyle modifications are important in prevention of a second MI; increased exercise, reduction of stress, and improved dietary considerations are perhaps most important.

Here are some very important advices that you sholud take into consideration for lowering the risk of a heart attack:stop smoking, stop eating foods which are high in fat,get some regular exercise and avoid excessive stress.

Avoidance of smoking and secondhand smoke represent a very important measure in avoiding cardiovascular disease. Studies has shown that smokers who quit lower their risk of stroke by 27% two years after stopping. Their risk reaches the level of non-smokers after about four years.

A healthy diet is the strongest protection against cardiovascular disease. A heart-healthy diet is rich in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fat, cholesterol, meat, and sugar. It isn't necessary to eat perfect and you don't have to see this as a burden,but you should try to change your diet step by step,giving up the foods rich in fats and lowering your cholesterol level.

Most medical experts agree that a high total cholesterol level is a critical risk factor for cardiovascular disease and that a reduction in overall cholesterol levels is an important measure in preventing and treating atherosclerosis.

Finally,and most important,exercise is an important component in the rehabilitation of heart disease patients. Regular exercise helps prevent obesity and diabetes which are also important risk factors for heart disease.

Heart Disease Facts

2009-01-14T08:20:00.000-08:00

The purpose of this article is to present heart disease facts that might help the reader in preventing heart disease in their life and in the lives of their loved ones.
Heart disease is a problem that affects a very significant number of people in industrialized countries. You can only prevent a case of heart disease from developing if you are informed about the illness, so in this article, we will be discussing some basic heart disease facts so that you will be better suited when it comes to understanding the problem that is known as heart disease.

Although many people realize that heart disease is a significant problem, few realize exactly how many people are afflicted with a heart disease related illness. As many as 1 out of 4 American citizens are victim to some form of heart disease, clearly exemplifying the threat that it presents.

Approximately one million Americans die each and every year as a result of a case of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease includes heart disease or strokes; together, these two types of illnesses account for the number one cause of death in industrialized nations for both men and women.

Approximately forty two percent of all deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease.

Studies have shown that those who smoke cigarettes are twice as likely to have a heart attack than those who refrain from smoking. Low levels of physical activity are also associated with a high occurrence of heart attacks, with those who remain relatively stationary having a risk of developing a heart attack that is double that of those with an active lifestyle.

While doctors are often able to see accumulations of plaque present in the arteries surrounding the heart, it can be tough for them to gauge the risk of heart attack, as they often take the patient by surprise with little to no warning.

Since lifestyle choices have so much to do with ones chances of developing cardiovascular disease, it can be a shock to hear that as much as fifty percent of the American population do not participate in sufficient levels of physical activity.

Diet can have a lot to do with the development of cardiovascular disease, as well. Some studies have shown that those who maintain a vegetarian diet have a chance of developing cardiovascular disease that is twenty four percent less likely than those who eat meat

One good way of ensuring that you are maintaining your health when it comes to preventing heart disease is to measure your cholesterol. Proper cholesterol levels should be worked towards. Cholesterol levels that are above 200 mg/dl for total blood cholesterol, with LDL levels that are above 130 mg/dl or HDL levels that are below 35 mg/dl, as well as lipoprotein levels that are higher than 30 mg/dl represent a risk that needs to be addressed.

Now that you know much more about the ways to prevent cardiovascular disease and just how common the problem is, you will be better suited for diagnosing the problem and dealing with it. If you think that you are at risk for cardiovascular disease or any other form of heart disease, you should speak to a doctor in order to ensure that there is no problem present. Prevention is the key to surviving heart disease, so be sure to stay active and healthy!

Cardiology Heart Disease in Men & Its Prevention

2009-01-13T08:38:00.000-08:00

Cardiology Heart Disease ranks second after cancer as the major cause of death in America
For men in general, cardiology heart disease is more likely than women. This is because men apparently, acquire cardiovascular disorders 10 to 15 years earlier than women do. Men are more likely to die at their prime age. Heart-disease-related deaths often come to men in ages 35 to 65.

Cardiology heart disease prevention has 1 secret

The combined approach of making healthier lifestyle choices, one that treats all facets of physical and emotional health. It is highly important as well, to get appropriate treatment for other conditions that can increase risk of coronary artery disease, such as high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

One must also eat foods based on metabolic type to determine whether the diet that's right for a person is one of low-fat, high-fat, or other diet plans. Regular intense exercise is also recommended. One must also address stress and emotional issues in order to maintain a healthy heart and prevent cardiology heart diseases.

The most common cardiology heart diseases or ailments are:

1. Coronary Artery Disease/Myocardial Infarction
2. Valvular Heart Disease
3. Valvular Heart Disease and Endocarditis
4. Mitral Valve Prolapse
5. Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
6. Heart Failure
7. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
8. Atrial Fibrillation
9. Supraventricular Tachycardia
10. AV Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia

With a growing number of heart-failure patients, the care and prevention of the most vital organ of the body, the heart, is most needed.

Cardiology Journal is a helpful online journal for people who want the best of their cardio health. Cardiology Journal features the latest breakthroughs in Cardiology, research, medical tips, plus stories straight from heart surgery survivors

Cardiovascular Disease and Weight Loss

2009-01-13T08:17:00.000-08:00

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term covering disorders of the heart and blood vesselsIt includes coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension (high blood pressure). Overweight, lack of exercise, stress, and a high-fat diet are major contributing factors to all CVD.

Coronary artery disease: In order to supply the rest of the body with blood, the heart muscle needs oxygenated blood itself. It gets it from the coronary arteries located on the outside wall of the heart. When one or more of these arteries are narrowed, blood flow is restricted or may be halted altogether. The result is coronary artery disease, the major underlying cause of heart attack.

One sign that the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen are the chest pains of angina. This type of chest pain usually occurs during activity and is relieved by rest.

Atherosclerosis: This is a condition in which fatty deposits build up on the inside of arterial walls. As the arteries narrow, they cannot carry sufficient blood to the tissues. To compensate, the heart pumps harder, blood pressure increases, and many parts of the body are damaged as a result. Everything from poor circulation in the limbs to heart attack and stroke can be blamed on atherosclerosis.

Some people are more prone to atherosclerosis than others, but there is no question that a highÂfat diet is a major contributor. People who are overweight, lead a sedentary lifestyle, and have high cholesterol levels are at much increased risk for developing atherosclerosis.

High blood pressure: Also called hypertension, high blood pressure is a condition in which the pressure exerted by blood as it is pumped through the arteries is consistently higher than normal. Normally, blood pressure at rest should not be greater than 120/80. Blood pressure is considered high if it is repeatedly and persistently higher than 140/90.

High blood pressure can damage the arteries, heart, and other organs, including the kidneys and the eyes. It increases the risk for heart attack, coronary artery disease, a stroke, kidney failure, and loss of sight due to damage to the retina. Hypertension is more common in men than women, and the incidence increases with age.

Being overweight is one of the most important risk factors for high blood pressure. People who are 20 percent overweight are eight times more likely to have high blood pressure than people of normal weight.

When your blood pressure is taken, the compression cuff on your arm causes a column of mercury to rise in a metered column. Two measurements are taken: the systolic reading is blood pressure at its highest, when the heart muscle contracts; the diastolic reading is blood pressure at its low point, when the heart muscle relaxes. In a blood pressure reading of 120/80, for example, the higher number (120) is systolic, the lower (80) is diastolic. Cardiovascular disease

Which Is The Number 1 Killer: Cardiovascular Or Heart Disease?

2009-01-13T08:16:00.000-08:00

By: JoannC
Cardiovascular or heart disease is caused by the damaged arteries leading to the heart obstructing the flow of blood that supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the different parts of our body.

Did you know that BOTH diseases is one of the leading causes of death for both men and women ages 35 and above? Unfortunately, this is true. The cause of cardiovascular or heart disease is the unhealthy lifestyle practiced by the sufferers of this condition, like use of tobacco, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habit. But, what really is cardiovascular disease?

Cardiovascular disease consists of faulty conditions of the heart, arteries, and veins which supply oxygen to important areas of our body, like the brain, the heart itself, and other vital organs. Although, the term technically refers to any diseases affecting our cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis, arterial disease. If oxygen and other nutrients do not arrive on the tissues or other organs of our body, we can't function properly- worse case, we can die.

Cardiovascular or simply heart disease usually occurs as a result of arterial damage. Ischematic heart disease is the technical term for the blockage of blood flow to the heart. Generally, this resulted from excess fat or plaque accumulation in the blood vessel wall, which eventually narrowed the veins that supply blood carrying oxygen and other nutrients to the heart. The excess build up of fat is called arteriosclerosis, while the excess build up of plaque is termed as atherosclerosis. Not enough supply of oxygen to the brain can cause stroke.

High blood pressure, or hypertension, usually results from the excess fat or plaque build up due to the extra effort it takes to circulate blood. Although your heart works harder, with blockages it still falls short of the needed blood supply to all areas of your body. Our body's survival system tries to fix the damage done, but not for long.

Damage to the heart tissues because of cardiovascular or heart disease can lead to a deadly heart attack or a stroke. The symptoms and treatments may vary depending on which set of arteries are damaged. In coronary heart disease, the fatty substance accumulation in the blood vessel wall blocks the coronary arteries, the blood vessel supplying the heart. The narrowing of arteries is called arterial stenosis. If the blockage becomes more severe, the blood flow to the heart becomes impossible, especially during physical exertion or emotion, and will result to the squeezing pain in your chest, arms, or legs. These symptoms should not be ignored to prevent from its progression.

You should remember it by heart that Prevention is better than Cure. Proper administration of cholesterol level is important in the prevention of stroke due to cardiovascular or heart disease. Engage yourself in enjoyable physical activities to help proper circulation of blood, eat heat-healthy diet, and regular health screenings, to help you live a life free from cardiovascular or heart disease.

Data from J. Eichhoefer and colleagues advance knowledge in cardiology.

2009-01-13T08:10:00.000-08:00

" Studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were carried out mainly before the widespread use of stents and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors. We sought to determine the association between the choice of the vascular access site and procedural complications after PCI performed with routine stenting and GP IIb/IIIa inhibition," scientists in Toronto, Canada report (see also Cardiology).

" The data source was a prospective registry of 13,499 consecutive cases of PCI at the University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, from April 2000 to September 2006. Logistic regression was used to calculate the probability of selection to the radial access group. Using propensity score methodology, 3,198 patients with femoral access were randomly matched to 3,198 patients with radial access based on clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of access site-related complications. Major adverse cardiac event was defined as death, myocardial infarction, abrupt vessel closure, or coronary artery bypass surgery. Use of the transradial approach was associated with fewer vascular access complications (1.5% vs 0.6%, P< .001) and a shorter length of hospital stay. Multivariable analysis revealed transradial access (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.2-0.7) to be an independent predictor of lower risk, whereas primary PCI (OR 4.36, 95% CI 1.4, 13), recent myocardial infarction (OR 2.0 95% CI 1.2, 3.4), age (per 10 years increase: OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) and female gender (OR 2.78 95% CI 1.7, 4.6) were independent predictors of a higher risk of access site complications," wrote J. Eichhoefer and colleagues.

The researchers concluded: " Use of transradial access for PCI is safe and is independently associated with a reduced rate of in-hospital access site complications and reduced length of hospital stay. (Am Heart J 2008; 156:864-70.)'."

Eichhoefer and colleagues published their study in American Heart Journal (Decreased complication rates using the transradial compared to the transfemoral approach in percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of routine stenting and glycoprotein platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitor use: A large single-center experience. American Heart Journal, 2008;156(5):864-870).

For more information, contact V. Dzavik, Toronto General Hospital, University of Health Network, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Intervent Cardiology Program, EN 12-224A, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.

Publisher contact information for the American Heart Journal is: Mosby-Elsevier, 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA.

Keywords: Canada, Toronto, Life Sciences, Cardiology, Coronary Artery Bypass, Heart Bypass Surgery, Heart Disease, Coronary Artery Disease.

This article was prepared by Cardiovascular Week editors from staff and other reports. Copyright 2008, Cardiovascular Week via NewsRx.com.

New angiography study results reported from E. Hansis et al

2009-01-13T08:09:00.000-08:00

According to a study from Hamburg, Germany, "A 3-D reconstruction of the coronary arteries offers great advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease, compared to 2-D X-ray angiograms. Besides improved roadmapping, quantitative vessel analysis is possible."

"Due to the heart's motion, rotational coronary angiography typically provides only 5-10 projections for the reconstruction of each cardiac phase, which leads to a strongly undersampled reconstruction problem. Such an ill-posed problem can be approached with regularized iterative methods. The coronary arteries cover only a small fraction of the reconstruction volume. Therefore, the minimization of the L, norm of the reconstructed image, favoring spatially sparse images, is a suitable regularization. Additional problems are overlaid background structures and projection truncation, which can be alleviated by background reduction using a morphological top-hat filter. This paper quantitatively evaluates image reconstruction based on these ideas on software phantom data, in terms of reconstructed absorption coefficients and vessel radii. Results for different algorithms and different input data sets are compared. First results for electrocardiogram-gated reconstruction from clinical catheter-based rotational X-ray coronary angiography are presented," wrote E. Hansis and colleagues (see also Angiography).

The researchers concluded: "Excellent 3-D image quality can be achieved."

Hansis and colleagues published their study in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging (Evaluation of Iterative Sparse Object Reconstruction From Few Projections for 3-D Rotational Coronary Angiography. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2008;27(11 Sp. Iss):1548-1555).

For more information, contact E. Hansis, Philips Research Europe Hamburg, Sector Med Imaging Systems, D-22335 Hamburg, Germany.

Publisher contact information for the journal IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging is: IEEE-Institute Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.

Keywords: Germany, Hamburg, Angiography, Cardiology, Cardiovascular Disease.

This article was prepared by Cardiovascular Week editors from staff and other reports. Copyright 2009, Cardiovascular Week via NewsRx.com.

Why is Cardiovascular Training and Resistance Training Important?

2009-01-13T07:52:00.000-08:00

Cardiovascular Training
What is cardiovascular training?
Cardiovascular training is anything that gets your heart pumping at an elevated speed. This includes: walking, jogging, bike riding, swimming, playing sports, dancing, roller skating, really anything that gets that heart pumping. The more muscles groups you are using, the harder the heart is working. Cardiovascular training is used to burn calories and to improve one’s overall conditioning.

Why should I train my cardiovascular system?
Walking , jogging, biking, dancing, swimming… they all seem to take so much effort! Why should I make myself do these types of exercises and activities? While cardiovascular training may seem like a chore, you will be more than willing to engage in cardiovascular training after reading the following benefits to cardiovascular training!

Weight Loss
Probably the most cherished side effect of cardiovascular training is losing those unwanted pounds! Since your body’s decision to store fat is based on the equation of Energy In vs. Energy Out, the more Energy Out that you have the less energy you will have to store on your waist, hips and thighs.

Conditioning
When was the last time you got winded walking up a flight of stairs? Not the greatest feeling was it? When you are wheezing and clutching your side ache you know without a shadow of a doubt that you are out of shape!

When you train your cardiovascular system you will begin to find that you don’t lose your breath as easily under strenuous activity. Your heart becomes conditioned to pump faster on demand without sending you into a wheezing fit. Your heart is the most important muscle in your body and if you want to enjoy the new body you are about to create, then wouldn’t you want to have a healthy heart along with it?

Disease Prevention
Heart attack, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes are just a few of the diseases that you would be defending yourself against with cardiovascular training. By losing excess weight and conditioning your body, you arm your body against these and many other ailments.

Resistance Training
What is Resistance Training? Resistance training is anything that gives resistance against your muscles. The most traditional resistance training is dumbbells or barbells, but it can take on many other forms as well. Cable machines and pulley systems give great resistance, as do elastic bands. Using your own body weight is another way to give your muscles resistance.

Today you have many options when it comes to resistance training- but they all have one thing in common… it will change your life!

Why should I lift weights?
Weight lifting… isn’t a macho guy thing anymore! The last time I checked my most successful clients haven’t been registered for any upcoming body building shows. “But I don’t want to look muscular and bulky.” I cannot tell you how many times I hear this comment from women when I encourage them to lift weights. The critical thing here is that in order to be fit and toned you NEED TO lift weights or do some type of STRENGTH TRAINING. Resistance training can literally change your entire body, let alone your self confidence and self esteem, but most importantly, resistance training could possibly be the best thing that you will ever do to keep your body looking and feeling 10 years younger.

Metabolism
Resistance Training is the one thing that we do that elevates our metabolism for hours after a workout. Cardiovascular workouts are effective and necessary, but, after an hour of running, your metabolism is only elevated for less than an hour before going back to normal. On the other hand, resistance training will literally raise your metabolism permanently. This happens because weight lifting is actually a process of breaking down muscle tissue and re-building it back stronger, firmer and with more tone.

This process takes time and energy AKA calories. Once you have added muscle tone to a given area on your body it now takes even more energy to maintain this muscle.

So here is the run down on why resistance training is such a metabolism booster:
When you weight train you break down muscle fibers, which takes energy to rebuild. When these muscle fibers have been rebuilt they are tighter, firmer, more toned and now take more energy to maintain.

Hence: a higher metabolism all day long. Simple, yet so effective!

1 lb muscle burns about 50 calories a day
1 lb of fat burns about 4 calories a day

You need regular challenging exercise in order to achieve and maintain results. It's as simple as that.

Getting started in the field of cardiovascular technology

2009-01-13T07:48:00.000-08:00

The number of positions available in health care fields is growing rapidly • including cardiovascular technology jobs.
Jobs in cardiovascular technology are those in which people assist physicians and other medical professionals in matters related to the heart and circulatory system. Unlike many positions in the field of medicine however, cardiovascular technology training can be completed in two years.

Those who work at cardiovascular technology careers assist physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions and disorders of the blood and circulation. Jobs in cardiovascular technology fall into one of three major areas: invasive cardiology, echocardiography, and vascular technology.

One of the more interesting cardiovascular jobs is that of a cardiovascular technician. Students who undergo cardiovascular technology training in this particular field learn to administer electrocardiograms (EKGs) and stress tests as well as Holter monitors.

At cardiovascular technology schools, students also learn how to prepare patients for cardiac catheterization and balloon angioplasty. In cardiovascular careers, trained medical professionals monitor blood pressure and heart rate, using EKG equipment in the course of examinations as well as during major surgery.

Another interesting choice among the many cardiovascular technology jobs is that of diagnostic medical sonographer. These workers use ultrasound technology in order to conduct noninvasive examinations of the heart. The instrument scans the patient’s heart with sound waves, providing a picture of conditions inside the heart. As a sonographer, you would need to be able to explain the procedure to the patient, program the equipment and record results.

Cardiovascular technology education may take place online as well as at a traditional brick and mortar school. By preparing for a cardiovascular career over the Internet, you’ll be able to fit most of the coursework around your own schedule • and many courses can be taken at your own pace. Later, when you come to a point in your cardiovascular training that requires actual hands-on clinical experience, the online school can arrange this at a local hospital or other medical treatment facility.

Because the American population is growing older in general and because heart conditions are more common in older people, the job outlook for cardiovascular technology careers is promising. Cardiovascular technology jobs pay between $28,000 and $50,000 per year, depending on experience, location and job settings. About 75% of these jobs are in hospitals; the remainder are in the offices of physicians and other medical facilities. Cardiovascular training programs are offered online through many major accredited universities and colleges across the U.S. and Canada.

Butea Superba Mens Secret Supports Healthy Cardiovascular System

2009-01-13T07:44:00.000-08:00

For us, the human cardiovascular system looks as follows: Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta.
Conclusion The cardiovascular system of animals consists of the heart and blood vessels. The blood that is returned to the heart is then recycled through the cardiovascular system. cardiovascula?re [TA] the cardiovascular system: the heart and blood vessels; see under system. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels. The cardiovascular system (CVS) consists of the heart, lungs and blood vessels, and the blood that circulates through them. Blood pressure is normally directly proportional to the volume of blood within the cardiovascular system. The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, lungs, blood vessels and a gallon and a half of blood. Also, the cardiovascular system detects this as acute blood loss so the pulse increases to maintain cardiac output. Gary Farr 5/28/2002 The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and all of the blood and lymphatic vessels in the body. Includes health- and research-related information on the cardiovascular system, the lungs, and blood.

Obesity may affect the cardiovascular system because of the increased workload the additional body mass places on the heart. >Cardiovascular DiseasesKarolinska InstituteInternational index of links related to diseases and disorders of the heart and vascular system. The heart is the pump that drives the cardiovascular system. Cardiologist A cardiologist is a physician who specializes in the heart and cardiovascular system. Ginkgo biloba can help the body neutralize toxins, as it is a potent antioxidant.(14,15) Hawthorn berries strengthen the heart and entire cardiovascular system. EFAs also nourish the cardiovascular system by enhancing proper oxygen flow to the heart. Heart Formula is designed to support your entire cardiovascular system, including the heart, arteries and veins. Heart Embryologically the heart, like the rest of the cardiovascular system, develops from a tubular channel.

We also studied the transient response of the cardiovascular system to sudden gravitational stress. Exercising, getting enough sleep, practicing relaxation techniques, and thinking positively are a few methods to help reduce stress and keep the cardiovascular system healthy. In a healthy cardiovascular system, there is a fine balance between nitric oxide and oxidative stress ... Introduction: The detrimental effects of stress on the cardiovascular system have been documented through research in animal models and humans. Promote the application and development of genomics, proteomics, and imaging tools to study brain-cardiovascular system interactions under conditions of stress. Primarily two systems mediate the stress response, by exerting an acute influence on cardiovascular function: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the sympatho-adrenomedullary system (SAS). Recommendations: The working group underscored the biological differences between acute and chronic stress on the cardiovascular system.

Receptors, signaling, gene regulation and protein expression as related to the differentiation and development of the embryonic and fetal cardiovascular systems. During embryonic development there is extensive remodelling of the initially r/l symetrical cardiovascular system and a contribution from the neural crest to some vessels. The second section has eight chapters that summarize cardiovascular development in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Introduction The development of the cardiovascular system is an early embryological event.

It would seem that social support and social isolation influence the cardiovascular system through multiple mechanisms. The two primary pathways through which psychological factors can influence the cardiovascular system involve health behaviors and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Psychological factors can also influence the cardiovascular system through neuroendocrine effects triggered by positive or negative emotions. Fetal cardiovascular system is influence by maternal smoking.

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